[Tech debt] Speed up windows integration tests

In order to install postgres 16 as part of https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-core/pull/10687, we started installing postgres from scratch on every windows CI run. Some ideas to speed things up:
1. create a separate image for windows that pre-installs postgres16, so we have that prebuilt and ready to go.
2. uninstall existing postgres package, use choco install (which appears to be faster), and then figure out how to start postgres as a (or start postgres up on on our own)
* uninstall guide: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/113542/how-can-i-uninstall-an-application-using-powershell
* starting the service will likely take a good amount of time to figure out
* can take inspiration from https://github.com/ikalnytskyi/action-setup-postgres/blob/master/action.yml, or try to use the action directly (first unsuccessful attempt here: https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-core/pull/10689)

_Originally posted by @MichelleArk in https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-core/issues/10687#issuecomment-2344148930_