[Bug] protobuf dependency too lenient

### Is this a new bug in dbt-common?

- [X] I believe this is a new bug in dbt-common
- [X] I have searched the existing issues, and I could not find an existing issue for this bug

### Current Behavior

As of https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-common/pull/219 the new protobuf package dependency is set to ">=5.0,<=6.0".
However some files (e.g. **dbt_common/events/types_pb2.py**) are generated using a later version than 5.0.

With protobuf you should not run code generated with a later version on an earlier runtime. See [cross-version-runtime-guarantee](https://protobuf.dev/support/cross-version-runtime-guarantee).

For example my environment has a 5.28.1 runtime (which satisfies ">=5.0,<=6.0") but is earlier than 5.28.3 which is what **dbt_common/events/types_pb2.py** is generated with.

The result is the following error when trying to run **dbt_common/events/types_pb2.py**

```
google.protobuf.runtime_version.VersionError: Detected incompatible Protobuf Gencode/Runtime versions when loading types.proto: gencode 5.28.3 runtime 5.28.1. Runtime version cannot be older than the linked gencode version. See Protobuf version guarantees at https://protobuf.dev/support/cross-version-runtime-guarantee.
```

**Suggested solution:**
Set protobuf package dependency to ">=5.28.3,<=6.0" to allow dependency management of the users to solve this.

### Expected Behavior

For dependency management (pip install) to not accept protobuf versions that will not work with dbt_common.

(In this case dbt_common says anything over 5.0 is fine, while really it must be 5.28.3 or later)

### Steps To Reproduce

1. Install `dbt-common==1.13.0` together with `protobuf==5.28.1`
2. Run `dbt deps`

### Relevant log output

```shell
09:19:37.808 Traceback (most recent call last):
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/bin/dbt", line 5, in
09:19:37.808 from dbt.cli.main import cli
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/lib/python3.10/site-packages/dbt/cli/__init__.py", line 1, in
09:19:37.808 from .main import cli as dbt_cli # noqa
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/lib/python3.10/site-packages/dbt/cli/main.py", line 14, in
09:19:37.808 from dbt.cli import requires, params as p
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/lib/python3.10/site-packages/dbt/cli/requires.py", line 5, in
09:19:37.808 from dbt_common.clients.system import get_env
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/lib/python3.10/site-packages/dbt_common/clients/system.py", line 20, in
09:19:37.808 from dbt_common.events.functions import fire_event
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/lib/python3.10/site-packages/dbt_common/events/__init__.py", line 1, in
09:19:37.808 from dbt_common.events.base_types import EventLevel
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/lib/python3.10/site-packages/dbt_common/events/base_types.py", line 4, in
09:19:37.808 from dbt_common.events import types_pb2
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/lib/python3.10/site-packages/dbt_common/events/types_pb2.py", line 12, in
09:19:37.808 _runtime_version.ValidateProtobufRuntimeVersion(
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/protobuf/runtime_version.py", line 106, in ValidateProtobufRuntimeVersion
09:19:37.808 _ReportVersionError(
09:19:37.808 File "/home/workbench/.pyenv/versions/sys/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/protobuf/runtime_version.py", line 47, in _ReportVersionError
09:19:37.808 raise VersionError(msg)
09:19:37.808 google.protobuf.runtime_version.VersionError: Detected incompatible Protobuf Gencode/Runtime versions when loading types.proto: gencode 5.28.3 runtime 5.28.1. Runtime version cannot be older than the linked gencode version. See Protobuf version guarantees at https://protobuf.dev/support/cross-version-runtime-guarantee
```

### Additional Context

_No response_