[ADAP-456] [Feature] Implement `column_types` test

### Is this your first time submitting a feature request?

- [X] I have read the [expectations for open source contributors](https://docs.getdbt.com/docs/contributing/oss-expectations)
- [X] I have searched the existing issues, and I could not find an existing issue for this feature
- [X] I am requesting a straightforward extension of existing dbt-spark functionality, rather than a Big Idea better suited to a discussion

### Describe the feature

In [this comment](https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-core/pull/6897/files#r1144773487) @jtcohen6 mentioned that:
> We don't yet inherit & run the `column_types` test in dbt-spark, but probably should!

So this issue is to do that 😎

Prior art in dbt-snowflake:
- https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-snowflake/blob/main/tests/functional/adapter/column_types/test_column_types.py
- https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-snowflake/blob/main/tests/functional/adapter/column_types/fixtures.py

### Describe alternatives you've considered

_No response_

### Who will this benefit?

_No response_

### Are you interested in contributing this feature?

_No response_

### Anything else?

_No response_