Support configuring temporary directories between scheduler and workers

> As is this only allows for setting a single `temporary-directory` config option and it needs to uniformly apply to the scheduler, worker, and nanny. I could see that being an issue if, for example, the worker and scheduler have sufficiently different filesystems.
A workaround there would be to have separate config options for the scheduler and workers. Then parse the config option in the respective `.__init__(...)` method before forwarding it here.

_Originally posted by @jrbourbeau in https://github.com/dask/distributed/pull/7802#discussion_r1181908329_