Add column categorization enhancements

> maybe you're already thinking about this and the solution belongs elsewhere, but it would be great for, in all projects, there be a log of "features" alongside their "metadata". Note i'm using these terms poorly here, categorizing all columns as "features" and "metadata" as information about the features (which includes whether or not it is a morphology feature or a metadata feature). We could here populate additional columns (or save them alternatively) using pycytominer feature select to mark which columns should be dropped and when - just some ideas!

_Originally posted by @gwaybio in https://github.com/cytomining/CytoDataFrame/pull/214#discussion_r3448584995_

No file or test is named. Start by locating the existing column categorization and the pycytominer feature select integration; clarify whether feature and metadata records belong in additional columns or a saved structure, and define the expected dropped-column markers before implementation.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.