sql: add support for Partial Statistics Collection [MAIN ISSUE]

This is the main issue for Epic CRDB-19449 -- implementing partial statistics collection. Linked here are the related issues and PRs for this feature

- Add a partial statistics predicate column to `system.table_statistics` to indicate that a statistic collected is partial. Related PRs:
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/91248
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/91759
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/92419

- Support collecting and adding partial table statistics at the extreme values of columns. Related PRs:
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/91228
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/92617

- Merge the partial and full statistics and store them in the statistics cache. This is when they can be used by the optimizer. Related PR:
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/91933

- Meta issue for making partial stats production-ready and enabling it by default (disabled in https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/98500)
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/125950

- Collect partial statistics at extremes automatically. Related PR:
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/93067
* Depends on supporting partial statistics at extremes without specifying columns
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/127832

- Other misc. issues:
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/128904
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/128725

- Support multi-column partial statistics USING EXTREMES
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/94076

- Collect partial statistics on arbitrary ranges using a WHERE expression
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/93998

- Statement bundles should include partial statistics
* https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/94101