sql: support ALTER TYPE ... SET (property = value)

**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**

PostgreSQL supports `ALTER TYPE name SET ( property = value [, ... ] )` for
altering properties of a base type, such as `RECEIVE`, `SEND`, `TYPMOD_IN`,
`TYPMOD_OUT`, `ANALYZE`, `SUBSCRIPT`, and `STORAGE`. See
[PG docs](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertype.html).

CockroachDB does not support this subcommand. The statement currently
fails with a generic syntax error because the production is absent from
[pkg/sql/parser/sql.y:3377](https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/blob/master/pkg/sql/parser/sql.y#L3377).

**Describe the solution you'd like**

This issue tracks adding support for this feature.

**Describe alternatives you've considered**

None — this is purely about Postgres compatibility surface.

**Additional context**

Surfaced during review of #169212 by @bghal:
https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/169212#pullrequestreview-4190579444

Epic CRDB-60820

Jira issue: CRDB-63352