Integer overflow with prepared statement

**Describe the problem**

Please describe the issue you observed, and any steps we can take to reproduce it:

**To Reproduce**

Hi,

In the following test case, I tried to insert value `2010947502` into a column with SMALLINT type and succeeded.

```
CREATE TABLE t1 (c0 SMALLINT);
PREPARE prepare_query (unknown, unknown, int8) AS UPSERT INTO t1 (c0) VALUES($1), ($2), ($3);
EXECUTE prepare_query(NULL, NULL, 2010947502);
DEALLOCATE prepare_query;
SELECT * FROM t1;
c0
NULL
NULL
-24658
```

**Expected behavior**
A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.

I tried with a normal statement, it threw an error. I expected the prepared statement should have the same behaviour.

```
CREATE TABLE t1 (c0 SMALLINT);
UPSERT INTO t1 (c0) VALUES(NULL), (NULL), (2010947502);
ERROR: integer out of range for type int2
SQLSTATE: 22003
```

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**Environment:**
- CockroachDB version [CockroachDB CCL v25.1.6 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, built 2025/05/09 15:48:03, go1.22.8 X:nocoverageredesign)]
- Server OS: [Ubuntu 24.04]
- Client app [`cockroach sql`, JDBC]

**Additional context**
What was the impact?

Add any other context about the problem here.

Jira issue: CRDB-53965