catalog: enhance interfaces to decouple logic from CDC for schema changes

Presently, there is a bunch of explicit logic inside the CDC for detecting certain schema changes. Currently the table_event_filter has logic that would be better encompassed in the catalog / table descriptor for detecting different parts of schema changes.

We have logic to inspect the schema changer state / mutations that can be better decoupled:
https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/blob/0e8321e1050bb0424fe7f18ff3cbfea4985bb126/pkg/ccl/changefeedccl/schemafeed/table_event_filter.go#L297

https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/blob/0e8321e1050bb0424fe7f18ff3cbfea4985bb126/pkg/ccl/changefeedccl/schemafeed/table_event_filter.go#L332
https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/blob/0e8321e1050bb0424fe7f18ff3cbfea4985bb126/pkg/ccl/changefeedccl/cdcevent/event.go#L343

Jira issue: CRDB-53313

Epic CRDB-2454