roachtest: add ability to execute tests with a binary built with `--race`

CLI code is currently covered via Tcl scripts which run inside Docker (see `runTestDockerCLI`). It doesn't appear they use a cockroach binary which was built with `--race`. Thus, data races inside CLI have fairly poor coverage since unit tests don't typically cover CLI.

A recent example illustrates the issue [1]. The PR introduced a data race in `pkg/workload/cli/run.go`. It passed CI and got merged. The problem wasn't detected until the nightly runs, where a relatively small number of roachtests running the workload ended up failing on concurrent map access. It turns out this data race is easily caught by simply invoking the workload via CLI, using a binary that was built with `--race`,

```
./cockroach_race workload run kv --ramp=1s --duration=1s

==================
WARNING: DATA RACE
Write at 0x00c001444528 by goroutine 154:
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/workload/cli.runRun.func5()
pkg/workload/cli/run.go:543 +0xec
```

Thus, we should consider running some of the "acceptance" roachtests with `--race`; the overhead shouldn't be too bad wrt CI time. Similarly, a subset of the Tcl scripts could be executed with `--race`.

[1] https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/142258

Jira issue: CRDB-48905