sql: make statement diagnostics bundle collection more robust to optimizer errors

When investigating unexpected internal errors from the optimizer, it would be helpful to have more of the contents of a statement diagnostics bundle, even if we could not produce the plan. Right now we only get the statement, the environment, and the trace, so we are forced to use a bunch of manual SHOW statements to collect schemas and stats.

Here's a demonstration using b5ddb408eefbe550c704abe9ac9838324dfa0c7b with a slight modification:

```
diff --git a/pkg/sql/opt/xform/select_funcs.go b/pkg/sql/opt/xform/select_funcs.go
index c7e37477503..cd7d2abbe57 100644
--- a/pkg/sql/opt/xform/select_funcs.go
+++ b/pkg/sql/opt/xform/select_funcs.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/sem/tree"
"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/types"
"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/intsets"
+ "github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
)

// IsLocking returns true if the ScanPrivate is configured to use a row-level
@@ -915,6 +916,8 @@ func (c *CustomFuncs) GenerateInvertedIndexScans(
sb.AddSelect(filters)

sb.Build(grp)
+
+ panic(errors.AssertionFailedf("oh no!"))
})
}
```

When we try to collect a bundle, we see the error, but can still download the bundle:

```
demo@127.0.0.1:26257/demoapp/defaultdb> CREATE TABLE ij (i INT PRIMARY KEY, j JSONB, INVERTED INDEX (j));
CREATE TABLE

Time: 4ms total (execution 4ms / network 0ms)

demo@127.0.0.1:26257/demoapp/defaultdb> EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG) SELECT * FROM ij WHERE j->'x' = '1';
ERROR: internal error: oh no!
SQLSTATE: XX000
DETAIL: Statement diagnostics bundle generated. Download using the SQL shell or command
line.
SQL shell: \statement-diag download 912968924944007169
Command line: cockroach statement-diag download 912968924944007169stack trace:
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/select_funcs.go:920: func1()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/scan_index_iter.go:304: ForEachStartingAfter()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/scan_index_iter.go:207: ForEach()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/select_funcs.go:834: GenerateInvertedIndexScans()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/bazel-out/darwin-fastbuild/bin/pkg/sql/opt/xform/explorer.og.go:343: exploreSelect()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/bazel-out/darwin-fastbuild/bin/pkg/sql/opt/xform/explorer.og.go:26: exploreGroupMember()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/explorer.go:185: exploreGroup()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/optimizer.go:537: optimizeGroup()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/optimizer.go:718: optimizeEnforcer()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/optimizer.go:669: enforceProps()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/optimizer.go:564: optimizeGroupMember()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/optimizer.go:524: optimizeGroup()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/opt/xform/optimizer.go:270: Optimize()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/plan_opt.go:598: buildExecMemo()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/plan_opt.go:240: makeOptimizerPlan()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor_exec.go:2164: makeExecPlan()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor_exec.go:1656: dispatchToExecutionEngine()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor_exec.go:1071: execStmtInOpenState()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor_exec.go:145: func1()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor_exec.go:3256: execWithProfiling()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor_exec.go:144: execStmt()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor.go:2227: func1()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor.go:2232: execCmd()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor.go:2149: run()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/conn_executor.go:952: ServeConn()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/pgwire/conn.go:247: processCommands()
github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/pgwire/server.go:1001: func3()
src/runtime/asm_amd64.s:1650: goexit()

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demo@127.0.0.1:26257/demoapp/defaultdb> select * from system.statement_diagnostics_requests;
id | completed | statement_fingerprint | statement_diagnostics_id | requested_at | min_execution_latency | expires_at | sampling_probability | plan_gist | anti_plan_gist
---------------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------------------+------------+----------------------+-----------+-----------------
912968924947611649 | t | EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG) SELECT * FROM ij WHERE (j->'_') = '_' | 912968924944007169 | 2023-10-30 17:20:04.924363+00 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL
(1 row)

Time: 2ms total (execution 1ms / network 0ms)

demo@127.0.0.1:26257/demoapp/defaultdb> select * from system.statement_diagnostics;
id | statement_fingerprint | statement | collected_at | trace | bundle_chunks | error
---------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-------+----------------------+--------
912968924944007169 | EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG) SELECT * FROM ij WHERE (j->'_') = '_' | SELECT * FROM ij WHERE (j->'x') = '1' | 2023-10-30 17:20:04.924363+00 | NULL | {912968924934602753} | NULL
(1 row)

Time: 1ms total (execution 1ms / network 0ms)

demo@127.0.0.1:26257/demoapp/defaultdb> \statement-diag download 912968924944007169
Bundle saved to "stmt-bundle-912968924944007169.zip"
```

We do get the statement, the environment, and the trace. But we do not get schemas or stats:

```
# michae2@michae2-crl-mbp ~crdb % unzip stmt-bundle-912968924944007169 -d stmt-bundle-912968924944007169
Archive: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169.zip
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/statement.sql
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/opt.txt
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/opt-v.txt
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/opt-vv.txt
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/plan.txt
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/distsql.html
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/trace.json
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/trace.txt
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/trace-jaeger.json
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/env.sql
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/schema.sql
inflating: stmt-bundle-912968924944007169/errors.txt

# michae2@michae2-crl-mbp ~crdb % cd stmt-bundle-912968924944007169

# michae2@michae2-crl-mbp ~crdb/stmt-bundle-912968924944007169 % ls
distsql.html env.sql errors.txt opt-v.txt opt-vv.txt opt.txt plan.txt schema.sql statement.sql trace-jaeger.json trace.json trace.txt

# michae2@michae2-crl-mbp ~crdb/stmt-bundle-912968924944007169 % cat schema.sql
-- no schema collected
```

We should try to also get the schemas and stats.

Jira issue: CRDB-32861
Epic CRDB-37757