Received a malformed response from the API

### What versions & operating system are you using?

Node v20.19.4

### Please provide a link to a minimal reproduction

https://github.com/jollywhoppers/bitchsky-app

### Describe the Bug

I'm using the GitHub to Cloudflare Pages automation through the latter's UI. After the project is done building, it errors out while deploying due to a 500 Internal Server Error. It previously worked when I was using a differently named repo (+ separately owned) and about 17 commits ago (yesterday).

### Please provide any relevant error logs

```
23:41:35.131 | Found Functions directory at /functions. Uploading.
-- | --
23:41:35.136 | ⛅️ wrangler 3.101.0
23:41:35.136 | -------------------
23:41:36.305 | ✨ Compiled Worker successfully
23:41:37.413 | Validating asset output directory
23:41:40.683 | Deploying your site to Cloudflare's global network...
23:42:18.821 |  
23:42:18.918 | ✘ [ERROR] Received a malformed response from the API
23:42:18.918 |  
23:42:18.918 | Internal server error
23:42:18.919 | POST /pages/assets/check-missing -> 500 Internal Server Error
23:42:18.919 |  
23:42:18.919 | If you think this is a bug, please open an issue at: https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-sdk/issues/new/choose
23:42:18.919 |  
23:42:18.985 | Failed: upload process exited with code: 1
23:42:20.404 | Failed: error uploading static assets. Check the logs above for more information. If this continues for an unknown reason, contact support: https://cfl.re/3WgEyrH
23:42:20.400 | Error: Failed to publish assets. For support, join our Discord (https://discord.gg/cloudflaredev) or create a ticket and reference the deployment ID: 941f2ef5-69dc-4972-a322-17d26e48a01b
```