Add CI job to check and enforce python typing information to ensure quality

> [!NOTE]
> Migrated from [augurlabs/augur#3274](https://github.com/augurlabs/augur/issues/3274)
> Originally opened by `@MoralCode` on 2025-09-16

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Type checking helps make the code base more maintainable, but given that there is a lot of existing code, it's less feasible to add types all at once.

- [ ] Choose a type checking tool
- [ ] configure the tool in such a manner that we can add types one file at a time, essentially ratcheting the checking over time. Once a file becomes typed, CI should ensure it stays that way.
- [ ] As an initial step, add types to at least one file to demonstrate feasibility of this approach. Over time, continue adding types