[PM-40981] WebAuthn Mobile Connector Page Not Working

### Steps To Reproduce

1. Enable account with MFA / Security Key on Desktop
2. Use Bitwarden Password Manager for Android
3. Login as usual
4. Proceed WebAuthn page with browser (doesn't matter between embedded or standalone browser)
5. Wait for page to load in the browser

### Expected Result

The WebAuthn Mobile Connector page will render correctly with the text on blue button

### Actual Result

No text on blue button, in addition to no response after pressing the blue button.

The same link from the android browser is copied to desktop browser to test but same behavior observed.

### Screenshots or Videos

### Additional Context

Page: `https://vault.bitwarden.com/webauthn-mobile-connector.html?data=&parent=https%3A%2F%2Fbitwarden.com%2Fwebauthn-callback&client=mobile&v=2&deeplinkScheme=https`

This is not directly related to https://github.com/bitwarden/android/issues/6313 (as the referenced issue about the URL scheme not working) but mentioned here for easy reference.

### Build Version

2026.6.0, 2026.6.1, 2026.7.0

### What server are you connecting to?

US

### Self-host Server Version

_No response_

### Environment Details

© Bitwarden Inc. 2015-2026

版本：2026.6.1 (21713)
📱 OnePlus PLR110 🤖 16@36 📦 prod
🧱 commit: https://github.com/bitwarden/android/commit/e5ee43f68773f9fe20bec3dd664781d65b804967
💻 build source: bitwarden/android/actions/runs/28253991408/attempts/1
🦀 SDK: 3.0.0-7536-159aed97
🌩 Server: 2026.6.2 @ US

© Bitwarden Inc. 2015-2026

版本：2026.7.0 (21756)
📱 OnePlus PLR110 🤖 16@36 📦 prod
🧱 commit: bitwarden/android/release/2026.7-rc58@36c892e1887b5051270ead6021afb16420663566
💻 build source: bitwarden/android/actions/runs/29108828120/attempts/1
🦀 SDK: 3.0.0-7673-101364a4
🌩 Server: 2026.7.1 @ US

### Issue Tracking Info

- [x] I understand that work is tracked outside of Github. A PR will be linked to this issue should one be opened to address it, but Bitwarden doesn't use fields like "assigned", "milestone", or "project" to track progress.

Reproduce the issue in the Android app using the listed MFA/security-key steps and the WebAuthn mobile connector URL. Start by tracing the Android WebAuthn flow and connector page interaction; done means the blue button displays its text and responds correctly in both embedded and standalone browsers.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.