Update to clang 17 breaks old versions of zlib

A number of rulesets in Bazel CI transitively rely on a version of zlib (through protobuf) that fails to compile on clang 17:

```
In file included from thirdparty/zlib/zutil.c:10:
In file included from thirdparty/zlib/gzguts.h:21:
In file included from /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h:61:
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/_stdio.h:318:7: error: expected identifier or '('
318 | FILE fdopen(int, const char ) __DARWIN_ALIAS_STARTING(__MAC_10_6, __IPHONE_2_0, __DARWIN_ALIAS(fdopen));
| ^
thirdparty/zlib/zutil.h:147:33: note: expanded from macro 'fdopen'
147 | # define fdopen(fd,mode) NULL /* No fdopen() */
| ^
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/lib/clang/17/include/__stddef_null.h:26:16: note: expanded from macro 'NULL'
26 | #define NULL ((void*)0)
| ^
```

https://buildkite.com/bazel/rules-go-golang/builds/7771#01968274-c785-49e4-9142-94f95c68db60

Start with the linked Buildkite failure and inspect thirdparty/zlib/zutil.h, zutil.c, and gzguts.h around the fdopen macro and clang 17 diagnostics. Reproduce the affected rulesets' build, then confirm that the old zlib path compiles successfully under clang 17 without breaking the protobuf dependency.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.