(core): OOM with deeply nested stacks

### Describe the bug

When stacks depend on each other in a long chain or if there are many stacks then the CLI slows down. In certain conditions, it will throw an Out Out Memory (OOM) error.

This is better explained with an example:
- Each Wave has Stacks in it.
- Each Stack in a Wave will depend on all the stacks in the previous waves.
- This is so that the stacks within a wave can be deployed in parallel (the --concurrency flag) and that the next Wave only starts after all the stacks in the previous Wave have been completed.

This is how it looks visually, 3 Waves, each with 2 stacks.

```mermaid
flowchart TB
subgraph Wave1 [Wave 1]
Wave1Stack1[Stack 1]
Wave1Stack2[Stack 2]
end
subgraph Wave2 [Wave 2]
Wave2Stack1[Stack 1]
Wave2Stack2[Stack 2]
end
subgraph Wave3 [Wave 3]
Wave3Stack1[Stack 1]
Wave3Stack2[Stack 2]
end

Wave2Stack1 --> Wave1Stack1
Wave2Stack1 --> Wave1Stack2

Wave2Stack2 --> Wave1Stack1
Wave2Stack2 --> Wave1Stack2

Wave3Stack1 --> Wave2Stack1
Wave3Stack1 --> Wave2Stack2

Wave3Stack2 --> Wave2Stack1
Wave3Stack2 --> Wave2Stack2
```

### Regression Issue

- [ ] Select this option if this issue appears to be a regression.

### Last Known Working CDK Version

_No response_

### Expected Behavior

The CDK should not be limited by the number of "nesting" of stack dependencies

### Current Behavior

It slows to a crawl and throws OOM for anything over 10 Waves with 5 stacks in them for me on a Mac M2 Pro, 16 GB, without touching NODE_OPTIONS.

### Reproduction Steps

I have prepared this repo: https://github.com/rehanvdm/cdk-issue-slow-stack-dependencies

But the code is as simple as:

```ts
const app = new App();
const numberOfWaves = 9;
const numberOfStacks = 10;

function createWaveStacks(app: App, waveNumber: number, numberOfStacks: number,
previousWaveStacks: Stack[] = []): Stack[] {
const waveStacks: Stack[] = [];
for (let i = 0; i < numberOfStacks; i++) {
const stack = new Stack(app, `CdkWave${waveNumber}-${i}`);
waveStacks.push(stack);

for (const previousStack of previousWaveStacks) {
stack.addDependency(previousStack);
console.log(`${new Date().toLocaleTimeString()} - Adding dependency from stack ${previousStack.node.id} to stack ${stack.node.id}`);
}
}
return waveStacks;
}

let previousWaveStacks: Stack[] = [];
for (let waveNumber = 1; waveNumber <= numberOfWaves; waveNumber++) {
previousWaveStacks = createWaveStacks(app, waveNumber, numberOfStacks, previousWaveStacks);
}

app.synth();
```

The following command is ran to just do the synth, the same thing happens on all CDK commands:
```bash
cdk ls --debug --v --vv
```

### Possible Solution

_No response_

### Additional Information/Context

I will show reduced logs of two scenarios:
1. Waves = 10, Stacks = 5. Where the `console.log` after the `.addDependency` is fast, but then after the last one there are multiple seconds that pass before the next debug output and the command completes.
2. Waves = 9, Stacks = 10. Where the `console.log` after the `.addDependency` visibly slows down, where seconds pass between these calls. These also finish printing, then multiple seconds pass before an OOM error is thrown.

**Scenario 1 Logs**

Notice 18 seconds since the last console.log and next CDK CLI output.

```bash
rehanvandermerwe@Mac cdk-issue-slow-stack-dependencies % cdk ls --debug --v --vv
[16:05:44] CDK toolkit version: 2.176.0 (build 899965d)
[16:05:44] Command line arguments: {
_: [ 'ls' ],
debug: true,
...
[16:05:44] env: {
CDK_DEFAULT_REGION: '1',
CDK_DEBUG: 'true',
CDK_OUTDIR: 'cdk.out',
CDK_CLI_ASM_VERSION: '39.0.0',
CDK_CLI_VERSION: '2.176.0'
}
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-0 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-1 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-2 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-3 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-4 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-0 to stack CdkWave2-1
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-1 to stack CdkWave2-1
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-2 to stack CdkWave2-1
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-3 to stack CdkWave2-1
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-4 to stack CdkWave2-1
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-0 to stack CdkWave2-2
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-1 to stack CdkWave2-2
4:05:47 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-2 to stack CdkWave2-2
...
4:05:48 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave9-2 to stack CdkWave10-3
4:05:48 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave9-3 to stack CdkWave10-3
4:05:48 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave9-4 to stack CdkWave10-3
4:05:48 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave9-0 to stack CdkWave10-4
4:05:48 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave9-1 to stack CdkWave10-4
4:05:48 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave9-2 to stack CdkWave10-4
4:05:48 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave9-3 to stack CdkWave10-4
4:05:48 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave9-4 to stack CdkWave10-4
CdkWave1-0
CdkWave1-1
CdkWave1-2
CdkWave1-3
CdkWave1-4
CdkWave2-0
...
CdkWave9-4
CdkWave10-0
CdkWave10-1
CdkWave10-2
CdkWave10-3
CdkWave10-4
[16:06:06] Reading cached notices from /Users/rehanvandermerwe/.cdk/cache/notices.json
```

**Scenario 2 Logs**

```bash
rehanvandermerwe@Mac cdk-issue-slow-stack-dependencies % cdk ls --debug --v --vv
[16:07:34] CDK toolkit version: 2.176.0 (build 899965d)
[16:07:34] Command line arguments: {
_: [ 'ls' ],
debug: true,
...
[16:07:34] env: {
CDK_DEFAULT_REGION: '1',
CDK_DEBUG: 'true',
CDK_OUTDIR: 'cdk.out',
CDK_CLI_ASM_VERSION: '39.0.0',
CDK_CLI_VERSION: '2.176.0'
}
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-0 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-1 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-2 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-3 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-4 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-5 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-6 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-7 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-8 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-9 to stack CdkWave2-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-0 to stack CdkWave2-1
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-1 to stack CdkWave2-1
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave1-2 to stack CdkWave2-1
...
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-5 to stack CdkWave8-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-6 to stack CdkWave8-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-7 to stack CdkWave8-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-8 to stack CdkWave8-0
4:07:38 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-9 to stack CdkWave8-0
4:07:39 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-0 to stack CdkWave8-1
4:07:39 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-1 to stack CdkWave8-1
4:07:39 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-2 to stack CdkWave8-1
4:07:39 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-3 to stack CdkWave8-1
...
4:07:39 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-6 to stack CdkWave8-4
4:07:39 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-7 to stack CdkWave8-4
4:07:40 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-8 to stack CdkWave8-4
...
4:07:40 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-6 to stack CdkWave8-8
4:07:40 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-7 to stack CdkWave8-8
4:07:40 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-8 to stack CdkWave8-8
4:07:41 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-9 to stack CdkWave8-8
4:07:41 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave7-0 to stack CdkWave8-9
...
4:08:00 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-6 to stack CdkWave9-7
4:08:00 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-7 to stack CdkWave9-7
4:08:00 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-8 to stack CdkWave9-7
4:08:01 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-9 to stack CdkWave9-7
4:08:01 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-0 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:01 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-1 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:01 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-2 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:02 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-3 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:02 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-4 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:02 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-5 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:02 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-6 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:03 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-7 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:03 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-8 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:03 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-9 to stack CdkWave9-8
4:08:03 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-0 to stack CdkWave9-9
4:08:04 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-1 to stack CdkWave9-9
4:08:04 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-2 to stack CdkWave9-9
4:08:04 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-3 to stack CdkWave9-9
4:08:04 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-4 to stack CdkWave9-9
4:08:04 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-5 to stack CdkWave9-9
4:08:05 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-6 to stack CdkWave9-9
4:08:05 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-7 to stack CdkWave9-9
4:08:05 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-8 to stack CdkWave9-9
4:08:05 PM - Adding dependency from stack CdkWave8-9 to stack CdkWave9-9

<--- Last few GCs --->

[15014:0x120008000] 187748 ms: Mark-Compact 4057.8 (4136.6) -> 4049.9 (4136.8) MB, 3360.92 / 0.00 ms (average mu = 0.130, current mu = 0.003) allocation failure; scavenge might not succeed
[15014:0x120008000] 190519 ms: Mark-Compact 4058.0 (4136.8) -> 4050.1 (4137.1) MB, 2761.79 / 0.00 ms (average mu = 0.075, current mu = 0.003) allocation failure; scavenge might not succeed

<--- JS stacktrace --->

FATAL ERROR: Ineffective mark-compacts near heap limit Allocation failed - JavaScript heap out of memory
----- Native stack trace -----

1: 0x101080c3c node::OOMErrorHandler(char const*, v8::OOMDetails const&) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
2: 0x101208774 v8::internal::V8::FatalProcessOutOfMemory(v8::internal::Isolate*, char const*, v8::OOMDetails const&) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
3: 0x1013dce48 v8::internal::Heap::GarbageCollectionReasonToString(v8::internal::GarbageCollectionReason) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
4: 0x1013e0cfc v8::internal::Heap::CollectGarbageShared(v8::internal::LocalHeap*, v8::internal::GarbageCollectionReason) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
5: 0x1013dd760 v8::internal::Heap::PerformGarbageCollection(v8::internal::GarbageCollector, v8::internal::GarbageCollectionReason, char const*) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
6: 0x1013db4e8 v8::internal::Heap::CollectGarbage(v8::internal::AllocationSpace, v8::internal::GarbageCollectionReason, v8::GCCallbackFlags) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
7: 0x1013d213c v8::internal::HeapAllocator::AllocateRawWithLightRetrySlowPath(int, v8::internal::AllocationType, v8::internal::AllocationOrigin, v8::internal::AllocationAlignment) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
8: 0x1013d299c v8::internal::HeapAllocator::AllocateRawWithRetryOrFailSlowPath(int, v8::internal::AllocationType, v8::internal::AllocationOrigin, v8::internal::AllocationAlignment) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
9: 0x1013b7a0c v8::internal::Factory::NewFillerObject(int, v8::internal::AllocationAlignment, v8::internal::AllocationType, v8::internal::AllocationOrigin) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
10: 0x10179f71c v8::internal::Runtime_AllocateInYoungGeneration(int, unsigned long*, v8::internal::Isolate*) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
11: 0x101afcc44 Builtins_CEntry_Return1_ArgvOnStack_NoBuiltinExit [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
12: 0x101a768a8 Builtins_GrowFastSmiOrObjectElements [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
13: 0x10705dfbc
14: 0x10705ffc0
15: 0x10705ffc0
16: 0x10705ffc0
17: 0x10705ffc0
18: 0x10705ffc0
19: 0x107064944
20: 0x101a743e4 Builtins_InterpreterEntryTrampoline [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
21: 0x101aab210 Builtins_AsyncFunctionAwaitResolveClosure [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
22: 0x101b58fb8 Builtins_PromiseFulfillReactionJob [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
23: 0x101a9ab94 Builtins_RunMicrotasks [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
24: 0x101a723f4 Builtins_JSRunMicrotasksEntry [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
25: 0x10134a2c8 v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::Invoke(v8::internal::Isolate*, v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::InvokeParams const&) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
26: 0x10134a7b4 v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::InvokeWithTryCatch(v8::internal::Isolate*, v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::InvokeParams const&) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
27: 0x10134a990 v8::internal::Execution::TryRunMicrotasks(v8::internal::Isolate*, v8::internal::MicrotaskQueue*) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
28: 0x101371b5c v8::internal::MicrotaskQueue::RunMicrotasks(v8::internal::Isolate*) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
29: 0x1013722f8 v8::internal::MicrotaskQueue::PerformCheckpoint(v8::Isolate*) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
30: 0x100facc4c node::InternalCallbackScope::Close() [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
31: 0x100fac7bc node::InternalCallbackScope::~InternalCallbackScope() [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
32: 0x10107a16c node::fs::FSReqPromise>::Resolve(v8::Local) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
33: 0x101086b28 node::fs::AfterNoArgs(uv_fs_s*) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
34: 0x10107ac24 node::MakeLibuvRequestCallback::Wrapper(uv_fs_s*) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
35: 0x101a50228 uv__work_done [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
36: 0x101a53c78 uv__async_io [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
37: 0x101a65d50 uv__io_poll [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
38: 0x101a5423c uv_run [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
39: 0x100fad6f0 node::SpinEventLoopInternal(node::Environment*) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
40: 0x1010c08c8 node::NodeMainInstance::Run(node::ExitCode*, node::Environment*) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
41: 0x1010c05dc node::NodeMainInstance::Run() [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
42: 0x1010487f4 node::Start(int, char**) [/Users/rehanvandermerwe/.volta/tools/image/node/20.15.0/bin/node]
43: 0x19afdc274 start [/usr/lib/dyld]
rehanvandermerwe@Mac cdk-issue-slow-stack-dependencies %

```

### CDK CLI Version

2.176.0

### Framework Version

2.176.0

### Node.js Version

v20.15.0

### OS

Mac M2

### Language

TypeScript

### Language Version

_No response_

### Other information

_No response_