(core): Allow DockerImage.fromBuild to opt out of fingerprint logic

Add an option in `DockerImage.fromBuild` to allow skipping the fingerprint generation step.

### Use Case

Currently when [this code](https://github.com/aws/aws-cdk/blob/b70a5fa77c5861ef955b86097583bf3e6f8405f2/packages/%40aws-cdk/core/lib/bundling.ts#L247) builds a docker image it runs a function to ensure that an image has a stable hash. This function reads every file in docker source directory which can be excessively slow for big directories.

I only use the image as in another bundling step to process an asset, so I will never care about it having a stable hash. Since I need to build the image from the root the `fingerprint` function eats up 75% of the total execution time, even though I have absolutely no need for that hash, or that image after I have used it for the bundling step it's meant to do.

### Proposed Solution

Add a `skipFingerprint` option to `DockerBuildOptions`. Use that to skip the fingerprint step if it's set.

* [x] :wave: I may be able to implement this feature request
* [ ] :warning: This feature might incur a breaking change

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This is a :rocket: Feature Request

Start in packages/@aws-cdk/core/lib/bundling.ts around the Docker image build and fingerprint generation, then locate the DockerBuildOptions definition and related tests. Trace how the option reaches the build path; done means DockerImage.fromBuild can skip fingerprinting when requested while preserving the existing default behavior.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.