Make debug build in MS Visual Studio work

MSVC compiler is much stricter in Debug build than GCC or Clang. It can reveal some problem in our project. Therefore, add such configuration to our TeamCity (done), and make it work - i.e. make all the tests pass.

I already created the [Debug configuration](https://retdec-tc.avast.com/buildConfiguration/Retdec_WinDebugBuild?mode=builds#all-projects), but some tests are failing. **Note**: in order for our GitHub TC badge to stay green, I disabled _Failure Conditions_ for this config - it looks like it is passing. So it needs to be inspected manually and enable the conditions once the problem are fixed.