Add support for coordinate frame Attribute's to not propagate when transformed

#11730 fixed a bug identified in #11277 in which transformations involving `SkyOffsetFrame`'s were failing because of duplicate `origin` attributes. However, the fix really only addresses this one case, and it would be good to have a general solution to this. One idea could be to add a new boolean argument/attribute to the `Attribute` class, e.g., `propagate=True/False`, which tells the transformation machinery whether to carry along the value of this attribute or not.

Start by reviewing issues #11730 and #11277, then trace the coordinate transformation machinery and the Attribute class. Define which attributes should propagate during transformations and how the general behavior should cover the SkyOffsetFrame case; done should include tests for the reported failure and broader attribute handling.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.