Add `Print::printf`

### Describe the request

Please add a `printf` function to [the `Print` class](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/blob/0f4e57ea193a00163ae59f0f0ff478feae7eb5db/api/Print.h#L35).

### ArduinoCore-API version

0f4e57ea193a00163ae59f0f0ff478feae7eb5db

### Additional context

#### Additional requests

- https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/issues/3586
- https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/issues/7386
- https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/pull/5938
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/issues/41
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/issues/53
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/pull/268
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr/pull/482
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr/pull/509
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr/pull/555
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-mbed/issues/941
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-renesas/issues/351
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-samd/pull/458
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-zephyr/pull/305
- https://groups.google.com/a/arduino.cc/g/developers/c/E0pUPWeDE2Y/m/fGBK_49bBgAJ

#### Related

- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/pull/29
- https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/issues/34
- https://groups.google.com/a/arduino.cc/d/msg/developers/E0pUPWeDE2Y/GPWl9Nw1BwAJ
- https://github.com/SpenceKonde/megaTinyCore/pull/112

Start with api/Print.h at the linked Print class definition, then review the linked ArduinoCore-API pull request #28 and the related requests for existing design decisions. Done means the requested Print::printf API is defined consistently with the project and its cross-core implications are addressed.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.