Polaris Table Source and Common Table API

### Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

Authors: @jbonofre , @laurentgo
Doc: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OBDkPbWdf0Bq6Wa_BMKaXn-fqAxfdmepo57ggkkC8mI/edit?usp=sharing
Email: https://lists.apache.org/thread/9f5b75fy25l9yzrtnlzqg6yh1bqdyjbt

### Describe the solution you'd like

_No response_

### Describe alternatives you've considered

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### Additional context

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Start by reading the linked Google Doc and the Apache mailing-list thread, since the issue contains no implementation files, tests, or entry points. Use those materials to determine the intended Polaris Table Source and common Table API scope; the issue does not define a concrete completion criterion.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.