[Feature] Introduce metadata database for catalog

### Search before asking

- [X] I searched in the [issues](https://github.com/apache/incubator-paimon/issues) and found nothing similar.

### Motivation

Introduce a system database for each catalog in table store to manage catalog information such as tables dependencies, relations between snapshots and checkpoints for each table

Subtask of #1105

### Solution

_No response_

### Anything else?

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit a PR?

- [X] I'm willing to submit a PR!

The issue names no files or tests; start by reading parent issue #1105 and the catalog/table-store implementation. Completion should cover a per-catalog system database that records table dependencies and relationships between table snapshots and checkpoints, aligned with existing catalog behavior.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.