[Feature] add catalog cache for paimon

### Search before asking

- [X] I searched in the [issues](https://github.com/apache/incubator-paimon/issues) and found nothing similar.

### Motivation

The `show tables` command will check the path of each table, when we use remote object storage as the warehouse and there are many tables in the catalog, it may cause a timeout, so I want to introduce the catalog cache to Improve query speed

### Solution

_No response_

### Anything else?

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit a PR?

- [X] I'm willing to submit a PR!

Start by tracing the `show tables` command and the catalog path checks it performs for each table. Reproduce the timeout scenario with remote object storage and many catalog tables, then determine the cache behavior and invalidation requirements. Done means `show tables` avoids redundant path checks while returning correct results.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.