ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in TermsHashPerField.writeByte during indexing [LUCENE-8118]

Indexing a large collection of about 20 million paragraph-sized documents results in an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in org.apache.lucene.index.TermsHashPerField.writeByte (full stack trace below).

The bug is possibly related to issues described in [here](http://lucene.472066.n3.nabble.com/ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException-65536-td3661945.html) and [SOLR-10936](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SOLR-10936) – but I am not using SOLR, I am directly using Lucene Core.

The issue can be reproduced using code from [GitHub trec-car-tools-example](https://github.com/TREMA-UNH/trec-car-tools/tree/lucene-bug/trec-car-tools-example)

- compile with `mvn compile assembly:single`
- run with `java -cp ./target/treccar-tools-example-0.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar edu.unh.cs.TrecCarBuildLuceneIndex paragraphs paragraphCorpus.cbor indexDir`

Where paragraphCorpus.cbor is contained in this [archive](http://trec-car.cs.unh.edu/datareleases/v2.0-snapshot/archive-paragraphCorpus.tar.xz)

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: -65536 at org.apache.lucene.index.TermsHashPerField.writeByte(TermsHashPerField.java:198) at org.apache.lucene.index.TermsHashPerField.writeVInt(TermsHashPerField.java:224) at org.apache.lucene.index.FreqProxTermsWriterPerField.addTerm(FreqProxTermsWriterPerField.java:159) at org.apache.lucene.index.TermsHashPerField.add(TermsHashPerField.java:185) at org.apache.lucene.index.DefaultIndexingChain$PerField.invert(DefaultIndexingChain.java:786) at org.apache.lucene.index.DefaultIndexingChain.processField(DefaultIndexingChain.java:430) at org.apache.lucene.index.DefaultIndexingChain.processDocument(DefaultIndexingChain.java:392) at org.apache.lucene.index.DocumentsWriterPerThread.updateDocuments(DocumentsWriterPerThread.java:281) at org.apache.lucene.index.DocumentsWriter.updateDocuments(DocumentsWriter.java:451) at org.apache.lucene.index.IndexWriter.updateDocuments(IndexWriter.java:1532) at org.apache.lucene.index.IndexWriter.addDocuments(IndexWriter.java:1508)
at edu.unh.cs.TrecCarBuildLuceneIndex.main(TrecCarBuildLuceneIndex.java:55)

---
Migrated from [LUCENE-8118](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-8118) by Laura Dietz, 2 votes, updated Aug 19 2022
Environment:
```
Debian/Stretch
java version "1.8.0_144" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_144-b01) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.144-b01, mixed mode)
```

Attachments: [LUCENE-8118_test.patch](https://apache.github.io/lucene-jira-archive/attachments/LUCENE-8118/LUCENE-8118_test.patch)
Linked issues:
- [LUCENE-10681](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-10681)