feat(c++): Improve CMakeLists.txt for portable library distribution and installation

### Describe the enhancement requested

rel: #806
The current CMakeLists.txt in GraphAr does not fully support robust distribution and installation of the library. This issue proposes a comprehensive update to:

- Generate install targets for library components and headers
- Export CMake config files for `find_package` support in downstream projects
- Ensure headers, artifacts, and dependencies are correctly installed
- Facilitate use in various build systems and package managers

These enhancements will improve the adoption and packaging of GraphAr for both users and external contributors.

### Component(s)

C++

Start with the repository's CMakeLists.txt and review issue #806 for related context. Map the library components, headers, artifacts, and dependencies that must be installed, then define the CMake package configuration and export requirements. Done means downstream projects can use find_package and the library can be distributed through supported build systems or package managers.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.