[Feat][C++] Support read certain set of properties in the file level, not with `arrow::Table::Select`

**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**
A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I'm always frustrated when [...]

**Describe the solution you'd like**
A clear and concise description of what you want to happen.

**Describe alternatives you've considered**
A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.

**Additional context**
Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.

Start by clarifying which file-level properties should be readable and how this differs from arrow::Table::Select. Identify the relevant C++ reader entry point and tests, then define the expected behavior and a test that demonstrates those properties can be read without selecting an Arrow table.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.