refactor(s3tables): derive catalog configuration from properties

Part of [apache/iceberg-rust#3094](https://github.com/apache/iceberg-rust/issues/3094).

## Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

`S3TablesCatalogBuilder::load` manually parses the table bucket ARN and endpoint URL and filters the remaining AWS and storage properties.

## Describe the solution you would like

Use the `Properties` derive macro for the S3 Tables catalog property projection while preserving builder configuration and the rule that `load` properties override builder values.

Acceptance criteria:
- Public builder APIs remain unchanged.
- Table bucket ARN validation remains compatible.
- Load-time bucket ARN and endpoint properties override builder values.
- Unknown AWS, FileIO, and KMS properties remain available downstream.
- Focused unit tests cover defaults, precedence, validation, and property retention.

## Willingness to contribute

I can contribute to this feature independently.

Start at S3TablesCatalogBuilder::load and inspect the existing builder configuration, Properties derive macro, and property projection behavior. Add focused unit tests for defaults, builder-versus-load precedence, table bucket ARN validation, and retention of unknown AWS, FileIO, and KMS properties; done means public builder APIs and compatible validation remain unchanged.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.