[Subtask] Complete V3 type compatibility for the Doris catalog

### Describe the subtask

Complete and document the five-family compatibility contract for Doris.

**Compatibility outcomes**

- **Nanosecond timestamps:** Reject timezoneless precision above 6 and every timezone-aware timestamp.
- **Variant:** Reject because the current MySQL JDBC metadata path reports Doris Variant as unknown; retain the explicit external-type escape hatch separately.
- **Unknown/Null:** Reject.
- **Geometry:** Reject because Doris GEO and string forms do not preserve Gravitino CRS column semantics.
- **Geography:** Reject.

**Acceptance**

- Reproduce all five families through the connector's public create/conversion path and its alter/load paths where supported.
- A supported mapping must round-trip without losing type identity or parameters.
- An unsupported mapping must return `IllegalArgumentException` before external metadata mutation; no fallback to a narrower or opaque type is allowed.
- Cover nested types where the connector supports complex columns.
- Add focused converter/operation tests and an integration or no-side-effect test appropriate to the connector.
- Update the connector documentation with a five-family compatibility matrix and rejection rationale.
- Keep implementation commits atomic by connector and type family.

**Connector-specific verification**

Reproduce all five creates against Docker Doris and verify rejection before DDL and no table creation. Run focused converter/operation coverage and the full connector suite.

**Documentation**

`docs/jdbc-doris-catalog.md`

### Parent issue

#12056