[Subtask] Validate JDBC type mappings before table DDL

### Describe the subtask

Add shared whole-request preflight validation for JDBC catalogs. This is infrastructure for the seven JDBC connector subtasks, not an additional connector/type-matrix row.

**Scope**

- Validate both create-table overloads before SQL generation or execution.
- Validate the complete alter batch before executing any individual change.
- Provide protected live-connection capability hooks for connector-specific validation.
- Wire custom table-operation implementations, including ClickHouse and OceanBase.
- Preserve deterministic `IllegalArgumentException` messages and the REST invalid-argument response: HTTP 400 and error code 1001.

**Acceptance**

- Reproduce a create request containing an unsupported type.
- Reproduce a mixed alter batch in which a valid change precedes an unsupported add-column.
- Verify no SQL is executed and no partial mutation occurs.
- Run JDBC-common, all seven JDBC connector non-integration suites, and focused server table-operation tests.
- Update the shared relational metadata documentation.

**Documentation**

`docs/manage-relational-metadata-using-gravitino.md`

### Parent issue

#12056