[Subtask] Complete V3 type compatibility for the Hive catalog

### Describe the subtask

Record and land the completed Hive compatibility effort without changing timestamp behavior.

**Compatibility outcomes**

- **Nanosecond timestamps:** Behavior intentionally remains unchanged and is deferred to #12073.
- **Variant:** Reject before Hive table construction.
- **Unknown/Null:** Round-trip exactly through Hive `void`.
- **Geometry:** Reject before table construction because CRS metadata cannot be preserved.
- **Geography:** Reject before table construction because CRS and edge-algorithm metadata cannot be preserved.

**Acceptance**

- Reproduce all five families through the connector's public create/conversion path and its alter/load paths where supported.
- A supported mapping must round-trip without losing type identity or parameters.
- An unsupported mapping must return `IllegalArgumentException` before external metadata mutation; no fallback to a narrower or opaque type is allowed.
- Cover nested types where the connector supports complex columns.
- Add focused converter/operation tests and an integration or no-side-effect test appropriate to the connector.
- Update the connector documentation with a five-family compatibility matrix and rejection rationale.
- Keep implementation commits atomic by connector and type family.

**Connector-specific verification**

Reproduce through `HiveDataTypeConverter` and `HiveTableConverter`. Verify the four implemented outcomes, retain the legacy timestamp tests unchanged, and confirm the connector change set contains no timestamp hunk.

**Documentation**

`docs/apache-hive-catalog.md`

### Parent issue

#12056