Optimize the performance of Admin#listPartitionInfos(TablePath tablePath)

### Search before asking

- [x] I searched in the [issues](https://github.com/apache/fluss/issues) and found nothing similar.

### Motivation

The method `Admin#listPartitionInfos(TablePath tablePath)` is currently called periodically by the partition discovery mechanism in `FlinkTableSource`. As a result, the number of API calls increases significantly as the number of subscribed consume jobs grows, leading to very frequent invocations. On the server side, listing partitions involves multiple requests to `ZooKeeper`, and for tables with a large number of partitions, this operation can take up to `10 seconds`. This issue will serve as the parent issue to address and optimize this performance problem.

### Solution

_No response_

### Anything else?

_No response_

### Willingness to contribute

- [ ] I'm willing to submit a PR!

Start at Admin#listPartitionInfos(TablePath tablePath) and trace its periodic use from FlinkTableSource's partition discovery mechanism. Then inspect the server-side partition listing and its ZooKeeper requests; done means reducing the frequent API and ZooKeeper work while improving performance for tables with many partitions.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.