[client] metadata utils support send metadata request & rebuild cluster meta with retry

### Search before asking

- [x] I searched in the [issues](https://github.com/alibaba/fluss/issues) and found nothing similar.

### Motivation

The Flink job's source input throughput drops to zero whenever metadata requests to the tablet server time out or fail.

### Solution

- support configurable timeout options for metadata() reqeust
- support retry

### Anything else?

_No response_

### Willingness to contribute

- [x] I'm willing to submit a PR!

Start by tracing the client metadata() request path and the code that rebuilds cluster metadata after tablet-server failures. Check how request timeouts and retries are currently handled, then verify that timeout options are configurable, failed requests retry, and cluster metadata is rebuilt without the source input throughput dropping to zero.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.