[Task] Add Invocation Profiler Docs

Related issue #10154

Status: Documents to be improved

Background: Occasionally, when users request the Dubbo interface, the request times out. However, due to the complexity of the links passing in the middle, it is difficult to locate the specific cause of the timeout.

Solution: Dubbo collects the processing time at the requested extension point and prints it out through the log. Currently, there is no corresponding introduction document.

Review related issue #10154 and the existing Dubbo documentation for invocation profiling. Document how processing time is collected at request extension points and printed in logs, with the work complete when users have a clear introduction for diagnosing request timeouts.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.