Async CatalogProviderList and CatalogProvider trait

### Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

My case is to retrive catalog/schema/table through network. Why trait `CatalogProviderList` and `CatalogProvider` are not async?

### Describe the solution you'd like

_No response_

### Describe alternatives you've considered

_No response_

### Additional context

_No response_

Start with the CatalogProviderList and CatalogProvider trait definitions, then trace how catalog, schema, and table retrieval is called throughout the query engine. Define the async behavior needed for network-backed retrieval and identify the affected callers and tests; done means the trait API supports those asynchronous operations without leaving synchronous paths unresolved.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.