Support User Defined Table Functions that read from input columns

### Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

We implemented a first version of User Defined Tables in https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/issues/7926 (thanks @Veeupup !!)

The current implementation allows expressions like `table_func('foo')` or `table_func(now())` but it does not permit taking the input from columns (for example the output of a subquery) as described in @yukkit in https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/issues/7926#issuecomment-1813692801 and @Jesse-Bakker in https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/issues/7926#issuecomment-1825642666

### Describe the solution you'd like

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### Describe alternatives you've considered

_No response_

### Additional context

_No response_

Start by reading issue #7926 and the two referenced comments, which describe the existing user-defined table implementation and the requested column-input behavior. No source file or test is named in this issue; done means supporting table-function inputs taken from columns, such as subquery output, in addition to literals and expressions.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.