Destructure proto hooks for cast physical expressions

### Scope

| file | type |
|---|---|
| `physical-expr/src/expressions/cast.rs` | `CastExpr` |
| `physical-expr/src/expressions/try_cast.rs` | `TryCastExpr` |

4 hooks (2 encoders, 2 decoders).

### Field drops found in this group

`PhysicalCastNode` carries only `expr` and `arrow_type`, and `CastExpr::try_from_proto` ends with `CastExpr::new(expr, arrow_type.try_into()?, None)`. Two pieces of state are therefore dropped:

- **`cast_options`** -- `None` resolves to `DEFAULT_CAST_OPTIONS`, so a cast built with custom options (for example a safe cast) comes back with different semantics.
- **`target_field`** -- an expression built with `CastExpr::new_with_target_field` loses the target field's name and metadata, which are rebuilt from the data type alone.

### Why

Serde hooks that read state through getters or `self.field` make an added field invisible to serialization: nothing breaks at compile time, the field simply stops round-tripping, and `Debug`-comparing round-trip tests do not notice. `HashJoinExec::fetch` was lost exactly this way (#24165), and #24609 is a second live instance found by applying the convention to one file.

#24164 established the fix -- exhaustive destructuring in both directions -- and applied it to the join plans. The `physical-plan` plan nodes are done. `physical-expr` and the `datasource*` crates were never converted.

### What to do

For each hook in scope:

1. In `try_to_proto`, start with an exhaustive `let Self {{ .. }}` -- **no `..` rest pattern**. Fields that are genuinely not serialized bind to `_` with a short comment saying why (derived at construction, runtime state, recomputed on decode, carried by a parent message).
2. In `try_from_proto`, destructure the prost-generated node struct the same way, so adding a field to `datafusion.proto` is a compile error in every decoder.
3. If the destructure turns up a field that *should* round-trip but has no wire representation, add it to the message and cover it with a test that fails without the fix.

### Definition of done

- [ ] Every field of the plan/expression struct is either serialized or bound to `_` with a reason.
- [ ] Every field of the prost node is destructured in the decoder.
- [ ] Any newly serialized field has a round-trip test, verified to fail before the fix.

- Part of #24611.