Explore cargo matrix to verify feature combinations in CI

maybe we could explore cargo matrix: https://crates.io/crates/cargo-matrix

though figure out a way to only test a subset of the features instead of every combination (like to be quite expensive?)

_Originally posted by @Jefffrey in https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/24475#discussion_r3817997887_

Start by reviewing the cargo-matrix project linked in the issue and DataFusion's existing CI entry points. Determine how feature combinations are currently selected and define a bounded subset that avoids testing every combination. Done means CI verifies the chosen feature combinations without making the matrix unnecessarily expensive.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.