Friendlier SQL in `SELECT` and `WHERE`

### Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

In the spirit of making SQL a bit more [friendly](https://duckdb.org/docs/stable/sql/dialect/friendly_sql.html) in DF, we can allow aliases in a few more places.

### Describe the solution you'd like

Take a bit more inspiration from DuckDB's Friendly SQL. Specifically:

- Support lateral column aliases (e.g.: `SELECT a AS b, b + 1 AS c FROM t`)
- Support column aliases in `WHERE` (we already do this in `HAVING`, `GROUP BY`, etc.)

### Describe alternatives you've considered

_No response_

### Additional context

_No response_