Unpin the pyarrow builder image to use ubuntu-latest

Pinning the image is only a temporary solution.
Obviously GitHub is not going to host those pinned images for ever.
Is there a follow up ticket to fix this?

Basically @mvanschellebeeck pinned the runner image to work around an issue with the github runner. This ticket tracks unpinning the builder image to use `ubuntu-latest`

_Originally posted by @findepi in https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/4450#discussion_r1957100588_

Start by locating the builder-image configuration and the CI workflow or build entry point that pins its Ubuntu image. Review the runner workaround described in the issue, then verify that removing the pin lets the builder use ubuntu-latest and that the relevant CI job passes.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.