TypeSignature::Coercible for math functions

### Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

`Log` for example can be handled with `TypeSignature::Coercible` where the desired type is float and allow source types are integer.

### Describe the solution you'd like

_No response_

### Describe alternatives you've considered

_No response_

### Additional context

#14440
#13301

Start with the TypeSignature::Coercible handling described for Log and review related issues #14440 and #13301. Determine which math functions are in scope and how integer-to-float coercion is currently tested; done means the intended math functions accept the stated source types without breaking existing type behavior.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.