[EPIC] DuckDB-Inspired Feature Enhancements

While I'm investigating some possible project ideas for [GSoC 2025](https://github.com/apache/datafusion/issues/14478#issuecomment-2635853610), I took a look at some cool DuckDB features and want to create issues for similar enhancements in datafusion. These features will improve datafusion's usability and performance.

- [x] #14508
- [ ] #14509
(Note: Lambda support is tracked in [#14205](https://github.com/apache/datafusion/issues/14205).)
- [ ] #14510
- [ ] #14512
- [ ] #9371 (This was issued long ago, and also directly linked to GSoC project proposals)

There are also smaller-scale, but still very cool, features in this list:
https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/dialect/friendly_sql.html

Anyone is welcome to undertake any missing one from that list.

Start by reviewing the linked subissues #14509, #14510, #14512, and #9371, along with the DuckDB friendly SQL feature list. Done means selecting and completing one missing enhancement with its linked issue defining the scope; this epic itself does not identify a file, test, or single entry point.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.