[substrait] Add support for enum arguments

### Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

Substrait has [3 different types](https://substrait.io/expressions/scalar_functions/#argument-types) of arguments for functions. One of these types is enumerated arguments, which support a fixed set of declared values as possible inputs.

The [Substrait TPCH plans for queries 7, 8, and 9 ](https://github.com/apache/datafusion/tree/main/datafusion/substrait/tests/testdata/tpch_substrait_plans) cannot be read into DataFusion because they contain functions with enum arguments.

TPHC plan 7 for example contains an invocation of the [extract](https://github.com/substrait-io/substrait/blob/bc4d6fb9bc0435c3db24172566c343e119fc50a9/extensions/functions_datetime.yaml#L107-L113) function, whose first argument is an enum used to indicate what component of the date to extract.

### Describe the solution you'd like

It should be possible to process plans containing Substrait enum arguments.

### Describe alternatives you've considered

_No response_

### Additional context

_No response_

Start with the Substrait argument-types documentation and the linked datetime function definition, then inspect datafusion/substrait/tests/testdata/tpch_substrait_plans for the enum arguments in TPCH plans 7, 8, and 9. Done means DataFusion can read and process plans containing Substrait enum arguments, including the extract example.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.