Support transformed sort orders (bucket / truncate / etc.)

### What is the problem the feature request solves?

Follow up for #5323

We only report plain-column (identity) sort orders right now. Iceberg also allows sort orders on a transform of a column — bucket, truncate, year/month/day/hour, void. To use these we'd recompute the same transform and compare on it, matching Iceberg's per-type comparison exactly (including quirks like UUID ordering).

This is more surface and more correctness risk, so it should come with per-type fuzz checks against Iceberg's own comparators before we report these orderings.

### Describe the potential solution

_No response_

### Additional context

_No response_