Add exception handling to Filter in Java SDK

Broken out from BEAM-5638. We now have exception handling methods for MapElements and FlatMapElements, but applying similar to Filter is more difficult. The method signatures involved with Filter are more nuanced and cannot accept the same function objects. Someone with a deeper knowledge of Java method and type resolution than I have will need to take a look.

Imported from Jira [BEAM-8099](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/BEAM-8099). Original Jira may contain additional context.
Reported by: jeff.klukas@gmail.com.