Gradle build does not allow to overwrite versions of provided dependencies

In order to test modules with provided dependencies in maven we can execute for example for Kafka `mvn verify -Prelease -Dkafka.clients.version=0.9.0.1 -pl 'sdks/java/io/kafka'` However we don't have an equivalent way to do this with gradle because the version of the dependencies are defined locally and not in the gradle.properties.

Imported from Jira [BEAM-4087](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/BEAM-4087). Original Jira may contain additional context.
Reported by: iemejia.