Don't bake all the table providers into base SQL

Each provider has a dependency on SQL and its respective IO module, so we need to break providers out into their own module by IO module. The SQL CLI also depends on the providers, so we need some way for it to discover providers are actually available.

See: sdks/java/extensions/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/beam/sdk/extensions/sql/meta/provider

Imported from Jira [BEAM-4190](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/BEAM-4190). Original Jira may contain additional context.
Reported by: apilloud.