[CI][Dev][Archery] Default ARCHERY_DEBUG to True on archery docker commands

### Describe the enhancement requested

Can we default ARCHERY_DEBUG to True?
On CI we have an override on almost every workflow and every time I run an archery job locally I want to see the logs because I am debugging something. Having to set up `ARCHERY_DEBUG=1` every time feels unnecessary and to be fair more times than not I'd rather have those logs.

### Component(s)

Continuous Integration, Developer Tools

Start by locating the Archery Docker command definition and the CI workflow overrides for ARCHERY_DEBUG. Confirm where the default is set, then run an Archery Docker command locally without the variable and verify that debug logs appear while existing CI overrides continue to work.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.