[C++] Enable Minimal Find Arrow package test for MSVC CI with VCPKG

### Describe the enhancement requested

Enable `find_package(Arrow)` for MSVC CI with VCPKG. Currently we get segmentation fault when executing `cpp_test.sh` at this `minimal_build` step. The root cause is unknown, and this error happens at MSVC CI when VCPKG is used.

Link to run: https://github.com/apache/arrow/actions/runs/21450617944/job/61778201663?pr=49005#step:16:266

Error:
```
* Reading CSV file 'test.csv' into table
ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh: line 161: 1958 Segmentation fault PATH="${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:-${ARROW_HOME}}/bin:${PATH}" "${build_dir}/examples/minimal_build/arrow-example"
Error: Process completed with exit code 139.
```

Snippet of `find_package(Arrow)` test code:

https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/0e9e32fc231a81552fac4818ab7c671ca04dabec/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh#L156-L161

### Component(s)

C++