[C++] Segmentation fault at `SparseUnionType` destructor when arrow.dll is unloaded via ODBC driver manager

### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

We found that when `arrow.dll` is unloaded on Windows MinGW Msys and attached the back trace below. There is a segmentation fault occurring at `SparseUnionType` deallocation. However, our code does not use `SparseUnionType` so I am not sure what is the cause. Could it have to do with arrow.dll being loaded and unloaded too quickly? Because the lesser the tests that use `arrow.dll`, the more likely the segfault seems to occur.

Context: we develop a Flight SQL ODBC driver `dll` https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/47971 which has a dependency on the `arrow.dll`. The ODBC driver manager unloads the driver after use, and it also unloads all dependency dlls including `arrow.dll`. When `arrow.dll` is unloaded, we get segmentation fault from the `SparseUnionType` destructor.

Environment: Windows MinGW CLANG64 Msys Shell.

Stack Trace from gdb:
```
Thread 1 received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x00007ff891c5cf31 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
(gdb) bt
#0 0x00007ff891c5cf31 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#1 0x00007ff89252d364 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#2 0x00007ff89252be44 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#3 0x00007ff8925ab11b in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#4 0x00007ff8925abe68 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#5 0x00007ff8925a933b in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#6 0x00007ff8925a736d in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#7 0x00007ff8925a71fc in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#8 0x00007ff8925b0b30 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#9 0x00007ff8925ab06a in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#10 0x00007ff8925aab8c in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#11 0x00007ff8925ab244 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#12 0x00007ff8925ab28e in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#13 0x00007ff8925abf08 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#14 0x00007ff8925abdd0 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#15 0x00007ff8925ab1e3 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#16 0x00007ff8925a3eb7 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#17 0x00007ff8925abeb8 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#18 0x00007ff8925abd70 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#19 0x00007ff8925ab183 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#20 0x00007ff89369d782 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#21 0x00007ff8b51a2b99 in ucrtbased!_initterm_e () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ucrtbased.dll
#22 0x00007ff8b51a25c5 in ucrtbased!_initterm_e () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ucrtbased.dll
#23 0x00007ff8b51a2717 in ucrtbased!_initterm_e () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ucrtbased.dll
#24 0x00007ff8b51a2d44 in ucrtbased!_execute_onexit_table () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ucrtbased.dll
#25 0x00007ff89339aae9 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#26 0x00007ff89339c2dd in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#27 0x00007ff89339c0b7 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#28 0x00007ff89339c44f in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#29 0x00007ff89339c5c2 in arrow!??1SparseUnionType@arrow@@UEAA@XZ () from C:\Users\path-to\cpp\debug-build\debug\Debug\arrow.dll
#30 0x00007ff9c44ff89e in ntdll!RtlEncodeRemotePointer () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
#31 0x00007ff9c43abcae in ntdll!RtlRaiseException () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
#32 0x00007ff9c4437a48 in ntdll!LdrGetProcedureAddressForCaller () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
#33 0x00007ff9c443679e in ntdll!LdrGetProcedureAddress () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
#34 0x00007ff9c4436942 in ntdll!LdrGetProcedureAddress () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
#35 0x00007ff9c44365e4 in ntdll!LdrGetProcedureAddress () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
#36 0x00007ff9c43b4730 in ntdll!LdrUnloadDll () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
#37 0x00007ff9c1b67f19 in KERNELBASE!FreeLibrary () from C:\WINDOWS\System32\KernelBase.dll
#38 0x00007ff9aca41e9e in ValidateErrorQueue () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\odbc32.dll
#39 0x00007ff9aca5588c in ODBCGetTryWaitValue () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\odbc32.dll
#40 0x00007ff9aca019a7 in SQLFreeHandle () from C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\odbc32.dll
#41 0x00007ff659b92004 in arrow::flight::sql::odbc::ODBCRemoteTestBase::FreeEnvConnHandles (this=0x6abc10)
at C:/path-to/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/odbc_test_suite.cc:85
#42 0x00007ff659b91e98 in arrow::flight::sql::odbc::ODBCRemoteTestBase::Disconnect (this=0x6abc10)
at C:/path-to/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/odbc_test_suite.cc:76
#43 0x00007ff659b9462c in arrow::flight::sql::odbc::FlightSQLODBCMockTestBase::TearDown (this=0x6abc10)
at C:/path-to/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/odbc_test_suite.cc:417
#44 0x00007ff92287a475 in ?? () from C:\msys64\ucrt64\bin\libgtest.dll
#45 0x00007ff922860a1b in ?? () from C:\msys64\ucrt64\bin\libgtest.dll
#46 0x00007ff922860fec in ?? () from C:\msys64\ucrt64\bin\libgtest.dll
#47 0x00007ff922865ca1 in ?? () from C:\msys64\ucrt64\bin\libgtest.dll
#48 0x00007ff92286c610 in ?? () from C:\msys64\ucrt64\bin\libgtest.dll
#49 0x00007ff92286cf7a in ?? () from C:\msys64\ucrt64\bin\libgtest.dll
#50 0x00007ff9adc22304 in ?? () from C:\msys64\ucrt64\bin\libgmock_main.dll
#51 0x00007ff659b910c9 in __tmainCRTStartup () at D:/W/B/src/mingw-w64/mingw-w64-crt/crt/crtexe.c:236
--Type for more, q to quit, c to continue without paging--
#52 0x00007ff659b91416 in mainCRTStartup () at D:/W/B/src/mingw-w64/mingw-w64-crt/crt/crtexe.c:122
```

### Component(s)

C++, FlightRPC