[C++][Acero] Errors during execution of exec plan lead to deadlock and use-after-free

### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

During development of custom Acero nodes I found that exec plan does not handle errors propertly. In simple scenario od two nodes source+sink

1. Deadlock occurs when `InputReceived` called by source on sink returns an error (IE not Status::OK()). In this case source node does not complete its operation and plan never gets finished.

2. Use after free occurs when `StopProducing` in sink node return an error.
I looks like `StopProducingErrorReporter` task gets posted already finished and destroyed async_scheduler here:
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/87dca7d8320b549ad6ea17d84ef6c80360ef8c33/cpp/src/arrow/acero/exec_plan.cc#L234

```
Note: Google Test filter = ExecPlan/ExecPlanErrorReporting.StopProducing/4
[==========] Running 1 test from 1 test suite.
[----------] Global test environment set-up.
[----------] 1 test from ExecPlan/ExecPlanErrorReporting
[ RUN ] ExecPlan/ExecPlanErrorReporting.StopProducing/4
=================================================================
==4161531==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free on address 0x50b000084a90 at pc 0x7d3d669b8bc5 bp 0x7ffe22cff750 sp 0x7ffe22cff740
READ of size 8 at 0x50b000084a90 thread T0
#0 0x7d3d669b8bc4 in AddSimpleTask > >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator >):: > /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/async_util.h:171
#1 0x7d3d669b8bc4 in StopProducingImpl<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator > > /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/acero/exec_plan.cc:234
#2 0x7d3d669b8e01 in operator() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/acero/exec_plan.cc:218
#3 0x7d3d669b8e01 in __invoke_impl&> /usr/include/c++/13/bits/invoke.h:61
#4 0x7d3d669b8e01 in __invoke_r&> /usr/include/c++/13/bits/invoke.h:111
#5 0x7d3d669b8e01 in _M_invoke /usr/include/c++/13/bits/std_function.h:290
#6 0x7d3d66c6f751 in std::function::operator()() const /usr/include/c++/13/bits/std_function.h:591
#7 0x7d3d66c6f751 in arrow::acero::TaskSchedulerImpl::Abort(std::function) /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/acero/task_util.cc:436
#8 0x7d3d669bcf92 in StopProducing /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/acero/exec_plan.cc:217
#9 0x6481a74c33c3 in arrow::acero::ExecPlanErrorReporting_StopProducing_Test::TestBody() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/acero/plan_test.cc:1927
#10 0x7d3d67baafce in void testing::internal::HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(testing::Test*, void (testing::Test::*)(), char const*) /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:2653
#11 0x7d3d67baafce in void testing::internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(testing::Test*, void (testing::Test::*)(), char const*) /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:2689
#12 0x7d3d67b96455 in testing::Test::Run() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:2728
#13 0x7d3d67b96455 in testing::Test::Run() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:2718
#14 0x7d3d67b965e4 in testing::TestInfo::Run() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:2874
#15 0x7d3d67b9678e in testing::TestSuite::Run() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:3052
#16 0x7d3d67b9678e in testing::TestSuite::Run() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:3006
#17 0x7d3d67b9f653 in testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::RunAllTests() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:6004
#18 0x7d3d67bab6a6 in bool testing::internal::HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl*, bool (testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::*)(), char const*) /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:2653
#19 0x7d3d67bab6a6 in bool testing::internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl*, bool (testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::*)(), char const*) /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:2689
#20 0x7d3d67b96949 in testing::UnitTest::Run() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/src/gtest.cc:5583
#21 0x6481a73fd0a6 in RUN_ALL_TESTS() /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/_deps/googletest-src/googletest/include/gtest/gtest.h:2334
#22 0x6481a73fd0a6 in main /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/compute/test_env.cc:50
#23 0x7d3d5f82a1c9 in __libc_start_call_main ../sysdeps/nptl/libc_start_call_main.h:58
#24 0x7d3d5f82a28a in __libc_start_main_impl ../csu/libc-start.c:360
#25 0x6481a7407594 in _start (/data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/build/relwithdebinfo/arrow-acero-plan-test+0x80594) (BuildId: b680597df36b43e27569204de05aa316f5e5fec3)

0x50b000084a90 is located 0 bytes inside of 112-byte region [0x50b000084a90,0x50b000084b00)
freed by thread T1 here:
#0 0x7d3d674ff5e8 in operator delete(void*, unsigned long) ../../../../src/libsanitizer/asan/asan_new_delete.cpp:164
#1 0x7d3d62505d03 in ~AsyncTaskSchedulerImpl /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/async_util.cc:163
#2 0x7d3d62505d03 in operator() /usr/include/c++/13/bits/unique_ptr.h:99
#3 0x7d3d62505d03 in ~unique_ptr /usr/include/c++/13/bits/unique_ptr.h:404
#4 0x7d3d62505d03 in ~ /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/async_util.cc:472
#5 0x7d3d62505d03 in ~ThenOnComplete /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/future.h:518
#6 0x7d3d62505d03 in ~Callback /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/future.h:440
#7 0x7d3d62505d03 in ~FnImpl /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/functional.h:150
#8 0x7d3d62505d03 in ~FnImpl /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/functional.h:150

previously allocated by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7d3d674fe548 in operator new(unsigned long) ../../../../src/libsanitizer/asan/asan_new_delete.cpp:95
#1 0x7d3d625182de in make_unique > /usr/include/c++/13/bits/unique_ptr.h:1070
#2 0x7d3d625182de in arrow::util::AsyncTaskScheduler::Make(arrow::internal::FnOnce, arrow::internal::FnOnce, arrow::StopToken) /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/async_util.cc:468

Thread T1 created by T0 here:
#0 0x7d3d674f51f9 in pthread_create ../../../../src/libsanitizer/asan/asan_interceptors.cpp:245
#1 0x7d3d5fceceb0 in std::thread::_M_start_thread(std::unique_ptr >, void (*)()) (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6+0xeceb0) (BuildId: ca77dae775ec87540acd7218fa990c40d1c94ab1)
#2 0x7d3d6270aac2 in thread > /usr/include/c++/13/bits/std_thread.h:164
#3 0x7d3d6270aac2 in arrow::internal::ThreadPool::LaunchWorkersUnlocked(int) /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/thread_pool.cc:643

SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free /data/home/gitmodimo/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/async_util.h:171 in AddSimpleTask > >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator >):: >
Shadow bytes around the buggy address:
0x50b000084800: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x50b000084880: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fa fa fa
0x50b000084900: fa fa fa fa fa fa 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0x50b000084980: 00 00 00 fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fd fd fd fd
0x50b000084a00: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
=>0x50b000084a80: fa fa[fd]fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x50b000084b00: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x50b000084b80: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x50b000084c00: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x50b000084c80: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x50b000084d00: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
Shadow byte legend (one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes):
Addressable: 00
Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Heap left redzone: fa
Freed heap region: fd
Stack left redzone: f1
Stack mid redzone: f2
Stack right redzone: f3
Stack after return: f5
Stack use after scope: f8
Global redzone: f9
Global init order: f6
Poisoned by user: f7
Container overflow: fc
Array cookie: ac
Intra object redzone: bb
ASan internal: fe
Left alloca redzone: ca
Right alloca redzone: cb
==4161531==ABORTING
```

I tried extending lifetime of async_scheduler and it does fix the problem but the [fix seems a bit ugly](https://github.com/gitmodimo/arrow/commit/4fc235f86b6def734d8305fd121c54b28c339165). Note this is not complete fix as some modules are not in sync with those changes. I am using only acero and dataset.

I created test cases for these two scenarios in my [branch](https://github.com/gitmodimo/arrow/tree/ExecPlanErrorReporting):
1. ExecPlan/ExecPlanErrorReporting.Finish/1
2. ExecPlan/ExecPlanErrorReporting.StopProducing/4

### Component(s)

C++